Mononucleosis

A contagious health condition usually caused by a herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus) is called infectious mononucleosis (mono). Sometimes, this condition is called kissing disease because the virus that provokes it can spread through saliva. However, you can get this condition by sharing food utensils or a glass with a person with mono. Moreover, this condition is not as contagious as other infections (such as the common cold).

Teens and young adults are more likely to get this condition. In young children, this infection is frequently undiagnosed because they experience few symptoms. Furthermore, in people with mononucleosis, one serious complication (such as an enlarged spleen) can occur. To resolve this problem it is advised to drink plenty of water and rest.

Symptoms

Usually, people with this infection experience the following symptoms. Examples include:

Swollen tonsils
Headaches
Skin rash
Swollen and soft spleen
Fever
Sore throat
Fatigue (extreme tiredness)
Swollen lymph nodes (usually in the neck and armpits)

The incubation period of the virus is often about 4-6 weeks. However, in children, it may be shorter. In other words, the incubation period is the time between the appearance of the symptoms and exposure to the virus. In most cases, fever and sore throat lessen within several weeks but extreme tiredness and enlarged lymph nodes can last a little more.

If you suspect you have this condition or experience any of the previous symptoms, it is advised to see a healthcare professional right away.

Causes

One of the most common causes of mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus. However, other viruses also can provoke symptoms similar to this infection. Furthermore, this virus spreads through saliva, and you can become infected by kissing or sharing food or drinks.

In any case, the infection goes away on its own and does not cause any long-term problems. There are many adults who build up antibodies against this virus, which means they are immune and won’t get mononucleosis.

Complications

In some cases, the complications of mononucleosis can be quite serious. For example.

Spleen Enlargement

This infection can cause the spleen to enlarge. In severe cases, the spleen may rupture, which provokes sharp pain in the left side of the upper abdomen. In such cases, it is advised to seek medical attention right away because you may need surgery.

Liver Problems

These include:

Hepatitis (mild liver inflammation)
Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and eyes can sometimes happen.

Check also less common complications of mononucleosis below:

Anemia – Reduced red blood cell count, a decrease in hemoglobin and iron-rich protein in red blood cells happens in people with this condition.
Thrombocytopenia – A decreased count of platelet (blood cells involved in clotting).
Heart issues – For instance myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle).
Nervous system complications – These include meningitis, encephalitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Swollen tonsils – In such cases, people can experience breathing problems.

Additionally, the Epstein-Barr virus can provoke more serious health conditions in people who have weak body defense (immune system) or people who administer immunosuppressant medicines after an organ transplant.

How to Prevent Mononucleosis?

To prevent the spreading of the virus to other people is recommended to not kiss others and avoid sharing food, dishes, and utensils for several days after the fever has improved. Regularly washing the hands also can help to prevent spreading. However, the Epstein-Barr virus can persist in the saliva for several months after infection has gone. In addition, there is no vaccine available nowadays to prevent mononucleosis.

Diagnosis

Doctors usually to diagnose this condition perform a physical examination and blood tests. Physicians during a physical examination check for mononucleosis symptoms including swollen lymph nodes, tonsils, liver, or spleen.

Blood Tests

Antibody tests – This test is usually done by doctors to determine if you have antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus. However, antibody tests cannot confirm the infection.
White blood cell count – Blood tests are also done to measure levels of white blood cells (lymphocytes) or abnormal lymphocytes. Previous tests usually cannot confirm the condition but may suggest it as a possibility.

Treatment

Unfortunately, a specific treatment for this infection does not exist. Moreover, antibiotics are not effective against viral infections (such as mononucleosis). Commonly, the primary treatment involves plenty of rest and liquids and adopting a healthy diet. However, doctors may recommend some over-the-counter (OTC) medications to relieve mononucleosis complications or certain symptoms. For example:

Physicians may advise some medicines to treat complications such as streptococcal infection that in some cases appears along with sore throat caused by mononucleosis. Some people may also develop sinus infection or infection of the tonsils (tonsillitis). In such cases, doctors may prescribe some antibiotics.
Sometimes, people may experience rash due to some antibiotics (such as Amoxicillin and all drugs produced from Penicillin). Furthermore, those who experience rash, not every time mean they are allergic to these antibiotics.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the main mononucleosis symptoms?

Swollen lymph nodes
Fever
Sore throat
Extreme tiredness (fatigue)

If you experience any of the previous symptoms, do not hesitate to see a doctor.

How is mononucleosis treated?

Usually, this infection does not require treatment and goes away on its own. However, doctors may recommend some OTC medicines or antibiotics if you experience a bacterial infection along with mononucleosis. For more details talk with your healthcare professional.

What health conditions can be mistaken for mononucleosis?