A group of conditions that cause cysts and tumors to grow in or around the jaw is called jaw cysts and tumors. While most of them are benign (noncancerous), in rare cases, people may develop jaw cancer. Usually, these growths behave differently because they depend on the type. Some of them grow slowly, while others may grow quickly, get big, and cause damage to nearby tissues.
In other words, jaw cysts and tumors are growths that often begin to develop from bone and soft tissues in the mouth. While a tumor is a solid mass that appears when abnormal cells clump together, a cyst is a fluid-filled sac.
In general, these cysts and tumors appear rarely, and malignant (cancerous) tumors are extremely rare. According to some research, people in some regions are more likely to develop them. For instance, odontogenic tumors account for about 1% of atypical oral growths in North America and about 20% in certain African countries.
Types of Jaw Cysts and Tumors
Experts have divided this group of unusual growths into several categories based on whether they are benign or malignant. Check for the most common types below:
- Ameloblastoma – This is a slow-growing tumor that often appears in the lower jaw near the back of the molars. Most of the time, these tumors are noncancerous. In rare cases, a tumor may turn malignant (cancerous) over time. However, whether you develop a benign or malignant tumor, it is recommended to see a doctor for a diagnosis and prompt treatment because large benign tumors may also cause problems.
- Central giant cell granuloma – This is one of the most common types of benign non-odontogenic tumors. It often develops in the front part of the lower jaw, but may also appear in the upper jaw. Most central giant cell granulomas are painless, but those that grow quickly and become large may cause painful swelling and displaced teeth.
- Dentigerous cysts – This is also a common growth that forms around the tissue of teeth that have not pushed into the mouth yet.
- Odontogenic keratocysts – These are slow-growing cysts that appear near the molars. While small keratocysts are not painful, large ones may cause painful swelling. In rare cases, these cysts may be a sign of a genetic disorder called Gorlin syndrome, which also increases the risk of skin cancer.
- Odontogenic myxoma (myxofiboma) – It is also a noncancerous, slow-growing tumor that may grow large enough to cause damage to the jaw and displace your teeth.
- Odontoma – This is one of the most common types of odontogenic tumors and often develops in the lower jaw. It also contains multiple tooth-like structures.
- Periapical cysts – This type of cyst often appears when there is an injury to a tooth that causes inflammation. Moreover, it is the most common type of jaw cyst.
There are other types of cysts and tumors that are malignant. For example:
- Carcinoma – This type of cancer begins to develop in tissues lining the organs, internal passageways, and skin.
- Sarcoma – In this case, the tumor develops in bone or surrounding soft tissues.
- Carcinosarcoma – This form of cancer is a mix of both carcinoma and sarcoma.
What Are The Symptoms of Jaw Cysts and Tumors?
While most cysts and tumors are slow-growing and do not cause symptoms, some of them often grow quickly and may cause symptoms. Check some examples below:
- Swelling
- Changes in how your face looks
- Loose teeth
- Changing bite
- A new lump on the jawbone
- Jaw tenderness, numbness, or pain
Do not hesitate to see a doctor if any of the previous symptoms occur. Leaving this condition untreated may lead to some complications, especially if you develop a large cyst or tumor.
Causes
Almost all cysts and tumors appear when cells from teeth behave abnormally and form masses or fluid-filled sacs. However, these cells may not be involved in tooth formation to grow abnormally. It usually occurs because of DNA mutations (changes). Normally, DNA contains instructions that tell cells when to grow, multiply, and die. Changed DNA gives cells different instructions that make them grow and multiply abnormally. If these cells become too numerous, they form a mass called a tumor.
In addition, those who develop Gorlin syndrome (nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome) often have different mutations that cause cells to continue multiplying without control. Thus, multiple odontogenic keratocysts and an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (the most common skin cancer) are often present in people with this syndrome.
Diagnosis
Like the diagnosis of many other health conditions, the diagnosis of these abnormal growths starts with a physical examination. In some cases, doctors may ask some questions about your medical history and symptoms to get more information about your condition. However, to confirm or rule out a jaw cyst or tumor, physicians will perform the following tests and procedures. Check some examples below:
- X-rays
- CT (computerized tomography) scans
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans
- Biopsy – During this procedure, doctors will remove a small sample of the affected tissue for testing. Doctors will examine this sample under a microscope and determine the type of cells.
Treatment
The main treatment for people with jaw cysts or tumors is surgery that is used to remove these growths and any nearby affected tissues. Usually, it includes damaged teeth or a part of the upper or lower jaw. Mostly, doctors recommend a mandibulectomy or maxillectomy. When people develop large cysts or tumors, they may need additional treatments. Check some examples below:
- Reconstructive surgery – It is used to make your jaw look as it did before you developed a large tumor or cyst.
- Dental implants – These implants are used to replace damaged teeth.
- Speech therapy – Doctors often recommend this treatment for people who have difficulty talking or are not understood after surgery.
- Nutrition – Most people need a nutritionist after surgery (including a dietitian). He/she can help choose foods that will help you heal safely.
People who develop jaw cancer require additional treatments. Some of them include chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are jaw cysts and tumors cancerous?
Most jaw cysts and tumors are benign, meaning they are not cancerous. However, some can be locally aggressive and damage the jawbone, teeth, or nearby tissues. Malignant tumors are rare but require prompt treatment.
What is the difference between a jaw cyst and a jaw tumor?
A cyst is generally a sac containing fluid, semisolid material, or air, whereas a tumor is a solid growth caused by abnormal cell growth. Imaging and sometimes a biopsy are needed to determine exactly what type of growth is present.
What causes jaw cysts and tumors?
The causes vary depending on the type. Some jaw cysts develop because of tooth infections, inflammation, or developmental abnormalities. Tumors may develop because of genetic changes that cause cells to grow or multiply abnormally. In some cases, the exact cause is unknown.
Can jaw cysts and tumors cause tooth problems?
Yes, a growth can cause teeth to become loose, displaced, or unable to erupt normally. Large cysts or tumors may also change the way the upper and lower teeth fit together, resulting in a changed bite.
How are jaw cysts and tumors diagnosed?
Doctors usually begin with an examination of the mouth, jaw, and face and may ask about symptoms and medical history. X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans can show the location and size of a growth. A biopsy may be necessary to identify the exact type of cyst or tumor.
Do jaw cysts and tumors always need surgery?
Not always. Treatment depends on the type, size, location, growth rate, and whether the lesion is causing symptoms or damaging nearby structures. Some small, harmless lesions may be monitored, while others require surgical removal.
Can jaw cysts or tumors grow back after treatment?
Yes, certain types can recur after treatment. The likelihood depends on the specific cyst or tumor and how completely it was removed. Regular follow-up examinations and imaging may therefore be recommended.
Can jaw cysts and tumors cause facial swelling?
A growing cyst or tumor can cause swelling or changes in the shape of the face. Large growths may also cause pain, tenderness, numbness, tooth displacement, or difficulty with chewing.
When should I see a doctor or dentist about a jaw lump?
You should see a doctor if you have a persistent or unexplained lump, swelling, jaw pain, numbness, loose teeth, or a change in your bite. In these cases, you should visit a doctor. Prompt evaluation is especially important if the growth is enlarging or causing significant symptoms.
What is the outlook for someone with a jaw cyst or tumor?
The outlook varies considerably depending on the type of growth. Many benign cysts and tumors can be successfully treated, although some may recur or cause damage if they become large. Malignant tumors generally require more extensive treatment, and the prognosis depends on factors such as the cancer type, stage, location, and response to treatment. If you have any other questions, ask your doctor.
